SLU's global blog

This blog post was written by Tilde Lindbäck, student at the Master of Agriculture Programme – Rural development, at SLU.

Picture1: The two study sites in which the thesis was conducted.

As I am writing this blog post, I just got back home to Uppsala after spending approximately 10 weeks in Nepal, collecting data for my Master’s thesis. In spring 2025, specifically between February and April, I received a Minor Field Study scholarship, financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, to conduct part of my Master’s thesis in Nepal. Thanks to my supervisor I was hosted as a guest student at the South Asian Institute of Advanced Studies (SIAS).

My journey to Nepal began in Kathmandu, where I spent the first two weeks in the SIAS office. During that time, I met colleagues and the interpreter I was going to work with. After I had started to familiarise myself with the context and received some input from local researchers on the research topic, it was time to head out into the field. Leaving Kathmandu was something I had longed for, not only to start interviewing farmers, but also to get the chance to see more of the beautiful landscape of Nepal and escape the hectic city life in the capital.

The first study site I went to was in a dry mountainous village in Mid-Hill Nepal, located in the district of Ramechhap, and the second study site was a green and lush village in the neighbouring district of Dolakha. During the daytime, we were out talking to farmers, conducting both formal interviews and casual conversations, or participating in everyday life activities such as grazing animals or attending community meetings.

A key finding was that intersecting identities shape what just adaptation looks like for different farmers. For example, uneducated female farmers were often excluded from public meetings where resources like drought-resistant seeds were distributed. Although these forums were formally targeted at women, structural barriers such as illiteracy excluded many from participating. Thus, the thesis could reveal that barriers to adaptation are not only gendered but also differentiated among women themselves. It challenges the assumption of a homogenous female experience and underscores the need to recognise how gender intersects with education and other social markers to understand differentiated adaptation. This example illustrates gaps in both procedural (decision-making) justice dimensions, as certain groups are excluded from decision-making processes. As well as distributive (economic) justice dimensions, where resources are unequally shared. It may also contribute new knowledge to feminist and climate justice literature by showing that female farmers are not a homogenous group, but rather experience adaptation in diverse and unequal ways.

Having the opportunity to conduct my study in two villages was not only good for generalizing the material and understanding how local conditions shape adaptation outcomes for farmers, but it was also very insightful on a personal level. Since I had never been to Nepal before, I had many new things to learn. Experiencing the differences between the two villages gave me a better insight to the living conditions in each village.

Patience was something I really needed to practice while travelling in Nepal. Since the infrastructure is not as developed as in Sweden, travelling by public transportation usually takes a few hours. On our trips with public vehicles such as buses, I was always surprised by the goods loaded onto the buses. Sometimes the bus driver would stop to pick up some chickens or load some goats onto the roof of the bus.

Picture 5: Different participatory data collection strategies were undertaken.

My experience of conducting fieldwork in Nepal has been fantastic and I would strongly recommend it to any other students who are interested in learning more about a new country, culture and people. I have been able to gain rich material and in-depth knowledge of intersectionality, justice and adaptation in Nepal. I also had the chance to do some travelling within the country. The travels I did included a 10-day trip at the end of my time in Nepal, as well as shorter weekend trips with my interpreter, who would invite me to her parents’ house, take me to Hindi festivals and different hikes.

Lastly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Dil Khatri, my interpreter, Miss Jeni Dahal, and my local supervisor, Mrs. Guyanu Maskey for your support, comments and knowledge on the research topic. Besides that, I also want to thank Sanyaja Khatri and the rest of the colleagues at the SIAS office who facilitated to coordinate the fieldwork. A big thanks to my family and friends for their emotional support, patience, and belief in me. I also want to thank Bibek Tamang who became my personal driver and a good friend during my time in Kathmandu. One last thanks to SLU Global for the Minor Field Study grant that facilitated my travel and research activity in Nepal.

Written by Max Johansson, student at the Landscape engineering programme in Alnarp, about his Bachelor’s thesis in Thailand. 

In January 2025 I happily received the Minor Fields Study grant through SLU Global, financed by Sida. This grant made it possible for me to write my bachelor thesis about Magnolia in Thailand and to see these fantastic trees up close.

My journey starts in the capital of Thailand, Bangkok or Krung Thep – which is a shorter version of the very long, here translated to English, full name of the city that reads: ‘’City of Angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of nine gems, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by Vishvakarman at Indra’s behest.’’ With such a fancy name you can only begin to think that the city has a lot in store for any visitor.

My supervisor and help in the country Dr. Voradol Chamchumroon welcomed me to the BKF Herbarium at the Royal Forest Department. At BKF their mission is to complete and categorize the floras of Thailand, and luckily enough for me, the magnolia flora of Thailand had already been completed and systemized in their collection. This allowed me to examine dry specimens up close. The dry specimens does not contain preserved flowers but dried leaves and pods with seeds are still interesting to look at, I indeed spent almost two whole days scrolling through the filing cabinets containing Magnoliaceae specimens. Besides this the building of the BKF contained many interesting live specimens mainly from guesting researchers that have come to Thailand and given names to earlierly undiscovered species.

Building of BKF Herbarium and filing cabinet containing dry specimens.

My thesis focuses on the magnolias native to Thailand with the aim of exploring the possibilities for hybridization with temperate magnolias, and in extension to broaden available information for future hybridization efforts. I have focused on genetic compatibility between magnolia species and sections as well as researching the cultural importance of Thailands magnolias and also looking at their aesthetic values.

When one thinks of Thailand what first comes to mind are beaches and coconuts, but that is not where you find the special and beautiful Magnolia but rather in the mountains. I traveled to the north of Thailand to the outskirts of Chiang Mai, a cooler and mountaineous province which offers a great climate for these trees. Well there I visited the magnolia- garden and collection of Satha Suesatchan whom I had established contact with prior to leaving for Thailand. In his garden I could view several native magnolias up close in different sizes and ages. Two species that were mentioned by practically everyone were the Champee and Champa or Magnolia x alba and Magnolia Champaca , which I now had the luck to see in person, unfortunately they did not carry flowers at the time but I did get more chances.

My journey in search of magnolia took me to a handful of the most famous botanical gardens of Thailand but something that was truly special to me was an excursion put together by Dr. Voradol Chamchumroon. He and another botanist of BKF took me for three very filled days of magnolia viewing. In a car together from Bangkok to Khao Yai national park and further to the ancient site of Sab Champa village. The village is named after the ancient and revered Champa magnolia. Well there I got to see an entire protected area dedicated to magnolia conservation of primarily Magnolia sirindhorniae. The trip went further to Phu Kae and Khao Hin Sorn botanical gardens where at the second one I finally had the chance to see the flowering Champee. About ten trees stood in an avenue and were were cut in a very peculiar way that resembled the pollarding so famously known in Sweden.

Enormous Ceiba pentandra in Khao Yai national park. Magnolia x alba in Khao Hin Sorn.

Something that really struck me were that almost nobody outside the botanical world had any idea what a magnolia tree was when I explained what I was looking for. But as soon as I said the words Champee and Champa a big smile and a very reassuring ‘’Ohhhh Champee Champaaa!’’ broke out every time. The flowers are truly known to everyone and they are commonly used for crafting Puang Malai flower garlands which is given as a gift to another person or as offering at the buddhist temples. You can see people running between cars at the red lights trying to sell the garlands from these two flowers but they are also to be seen in a plastic miniature version in every other taxi in the country.

Puang Malai from Magnolia champaca. Sab Champa magnolia conservational area.

From my interviews and talks with botanist and collectors/breeders I got to know that the Champee and Champa is so popular in Thailand because it is a very easily grown tree, it is cheap and historically readily available in most parts of the country perhaps except for the most coastal regions. So why were or are the people in Thailand need of a magnolia tree at their house? In short because they use it as offering to the temple, or simply as fragrant and beautiful flowers in their homes. The good scent of the magnolia is supposed to symbolize cleanliness or purity of ones soul, and a visit to a temple is not complete without an offering making the magnolia flowers an important element in Thai life.

More than any literature review could, simply living there would confirm to me what magnolias really are the most important to Thailand.

One challenge that arose early on was that not all trees were flowering at the same time. I planned the visits as early as possible so that I would have a ‘’face’’ to the species when I would do my literature review. Luckily I had access to the digitalized Magnoliaceae flora of Thailand from BKF. I was sent categorized pictures of ones that I had not yet seen in bloom which helped me in visualizing what a potential hybrid could possibly look like.

Towards the end of my study I was invited by the Botanical Society- and the National Biobank of Thailand to give a lecture of my own choice for their monthly seminar. I chose to talk about magnolia in Sweden and Thailand and to include findings from my thesis. I also had the chance to proudly present SLU Alnarp and the Karl Evert Flinck magnolia forest.

What is even more fun is that the National Biobank used the information I presented about the Swedish hybrid Magnolia x gotoburgensis for one of their quiz questions to win prizes.

Poster from the seminar. Magnolia virginiana in Chiang Mai.

During my time in Thailand I took the opportunity to practice the language every day, and I am now proud to say that I have learnt something that years ago would seem impossible to me. I also practiced the virtues of patience and curiosity, I took every chance I could to gain knowledge and to look at all the trees and flowers in the parks and not just the magnolias. It is a powerful contrast to Sweden to see the incredible trees, flowers and leaves of all colors shapes and sizes.

Thank you to MFS and to SLU Global for giving me the truly special opportunity to conduct my bachelor thesis in another part of the world. Thanks to my supervisors Anna Levinsson and Voradol Chamchumroon for guiding and helping me. Thank you to all staff at BKF.

Max Johansson

This is a blog post by Sanna Brithéll a master student in Environment, Politics, and Global Development and an intern at SLU Global, referencing her experiences on SIANI (The Swedish International Agricultural Network Initiative) and FOCALI’s (The Forest, Climate, and Livelihood research network) annual meetings 2025.

Did you know that there is a difference between agroecology and sustainable intensification[1]? Or that farmers in Kyrgyzstan not only carry the burden of providing food for the population, but also get subsidises from the state to use fertilisers? These are jut two examples of what was discussed that I thought were interesting out of everything that was brought up at SIANI’s Annual Meeting 2025. (By Klara Fischer, an associate professor in rural development at SLU, and Tatiana Stebneva, boars´d member at the Central Asia Solidarity Groups.)

The event started out with encouraging people to write down what organisation they represented on Menti.com. It was very clear, looking at the results, that the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) had most of the votes. Paul Egan from SLU Global was even a part of the expert group discussion.

A picture of the Menti results from the question “what organisation/school/company are you representing” Photo: Sanna Brithéll

Apart from interesting speakers and networking, participants at each table were assigned to brainstorm ideas on what is needed or would be beneficial for the cause we are striving for; sustainable development. After we presented our ideas, we were given six stickers in two different colours. The red stickers were the most innovative and the green stickers the most important. I had the pleasure to get to present the most innovative ideas, alongside the others on the podium. This was because the group moderator thought I would be able to explain my own ideas, since most of them were selected.

The red arrows in the photo mark which ideas where mine. Photo:  Sanna Brithéll

We had an interesting discussion at my table. You can see me sitting to the right in a black t-shirt. Photo borrowed from SIANI’s website.

Helene Forslund, a speaker from the Red Cross, used the word “empowerment,” which I felt perfectly captured the atmosphere at SIANI. She discussed the significance of the term in a different context, supporting vulnerable communities. She spoke about the fact that when one enters such a community, their goal should be to empower the people and not to “lead them”. This means shifting the mindset from expecting people to look up to or follow you, to instead focusing on helping them build their own connections. Your role is to provide the roadmap that enables them to do so. Respect is essential for a successful collaboration not only in these situations.

Marie Stenseke, brought this up as well and put it out beautifully at FOCALI “Interdisciplinary is like a dish, we are not the same ingredient, but we should be able to work together”

FOCALI had ongoing themes brought up by different researchers. They emphasised the needs for collaboration, the importance of finding synergies and having the ability to present that to decision makers and others important stakeholders. So, it was only fitting when the “IPBES Nexus Assessment Report”. Even though it was a summary, I felt it was important and relevant to the theme of synergies, because that is what the report presents. I know this because I read and summarised the whole report myself, to later be present it for my colleagues at SLU Global.

It was inspiring and fun to be present on both events. I got a lot of insights during the two days I participated, not only on the things presented or discussed but also the culture of academia.

If I had to take away one key insight from these events, it would be the importance of “getting dirt under my fingernails.” As Marie-Clair Feller, a student at SLU Alnarp, put it: “It’s a bit strange to learn about agriculture without knowing how to grow a carrot.”

 

[1] Fischer, K., Vico, G., Röcklinsberg, H., Liljenström, H. & Bommarco, R., 2025. Progress towards sustainable agriculture hampered by siloed scientific discourses. Nature Sustainability, 8, s. 66–74.

 

 

 

 

 

Written by Marta Cefaro, based on her research for her Master’s thesis in rural development and natural resource management at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, in collaboration with Nelson Mandela University under the supervision of George Sekonya and Klara Fischer. Marta’s research is driven by an interest in the distribution of benefits within supply chains and the protection of Indigenous rights. First published on SIANI website.

Honeybush (Cyclopia spp.), a plant endemic to South Africa, has gained international popularity in recent decades for its health benefits, particularly as a tea. Linked to the Khoi and San peoples (Indigenous Peoples of southern Africa who were living in the area before Bantu-speaking agropastoralists), who hold traditional knowledge related to its use, honeybush has been a source of livelihood for generations. Despite their vital role in developing this knowledge, these communities are excluded from the commercial boom. Why? The answers are rooted in South Africa’s systemic inequalities.

Commercialization for whom?

Historically, honeybush was traditionally processed at home for household consumption or local sale, but since the 1990s the industry has shifted towards more formalized commercial structures. This shift has excluded local communities from value-added stages of production. Communities of traditional knowledge holders are only involved in the first stage of the supply chain: the wild harvesting of the plant. The harvested raw material is then sold to processing facilities where it is processed, packaged, and marketed. Without access to resources such as capital and technology, these communities are unable to process and market the tea themselves, leaving them with only a minimal share of the final product’s value.

The story of the Zoar community

The village of Zoar is located in the Kannaland Municipality in the Western Cape province of the country.  The story and challenges of commercializing honeybush in the Zoar community mirror the complexity of natural resource governance in rural South Africa. Within the community of Zoar, traditional leaders – who exist alongside state authorities in many rural villages of South Africa –  play a key role in the governance of honeybush. They claim control over who gets access to communal lands, where wild honeybush is harvested, and how the benefits from its sale are distributed. Community members who are not part of the traditional authority can only benefit from honeybush harvesting by selling their labor as wild harvesters during harvesting season.

Governance issues are further complicated by the overlap and competition between two different authorities: the local Communal Property Association and the village’s traditional authority. In rural villages undergoing land restitution, South African law permits the creation of Communal Property Associations (CPAs). These are legal entities that can be democratically elected by community members and their primary purpose is to manage communal land on behalf of the community. However, under customary law—recognized by South African legislation—land administration is the responsibility of traditional authorities, who have historically fulfilled this role in rural villages. This situation leads to an overlap between the roles of the two institutions and creates a permanent power struggle. In Zoar, while communal land has been transferred to the CPA, traditional leaders claim their role as decision-makers in local resource governance. This conflict raises questions about which institutions can be considered legitimate and accountable for local resource management, such as the one of honeybush.

Government solutions fall short

Confronted with such inequalities, the South African government has recognized the importance of integrating marginalized communities into the commercialization of biological resources, such as honeybush, through initiatives like Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) agreements. These agreements are intended to ensure that local communities receive a fair share of the benefits resulting from the commercial use of biological resources, particularly when traditional knowledge is involved. However, the implementation of ABS agreements faces significant challenges.

One of the key criticisms is that the negotiation process for ABS agreements often favors more powerful, organized actors, leaving out less-recognized communities or individuals. In many cases, these agreements are negotiated between the industry and traditional leaders, who may not represent and be recognized by all knowledge holders. This situation risks perpetuating inequalities within communities, as those with less access to power or resources are excluded from benefiting from the industry.

Inequalities rooted in the country’s colonial and apartheid history

A major issue with ABS agreements is that they do not address and challenge structural inequalities in access to resources such as land, capital and technology. By leaving power relations unchanged, they do not enable the development of community-based or -owned businesses.

The barriers to equitable inclusion in the honeybush industry are deeply rooted in South Africa’s colonial and apartheid history. These historical injustices have entrenched patterns of exclusion, through land dispossession and inequitable resource distribution, which continue to hinder communities’ access to the resources needed for meaningful participation in the development of a biodiversity economy.

A way forward

The commercialization of honeybush might offer economic potential for local communities in South Africa, but this can only be realized if deeply rooted inequalities are addressed. On one hand, reliance on traditional authorities for resource control and negotiations risks sidelining marginalized groups or individuals. On the other hand, mechanisms like ABS agreements fail to tackle the structural inequalities that underpin exclusion from the industry. A more inclusive approach to honeybush commercialization is needed – one that empowers communities through improved access to resources, supports community-owned enterprises, and ensures equitable governance structures.